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Metabolic Syndrome

Cluster of central obesity, dyslipidemia (high triglycerides, low HDL), elevated blood pressure, and impaired fasting glucose that confers excess risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Also: MetS, Syndrome X

ATP III/AHA diagnosis requires three or more of: waist circumference >102 cm men/88 cm women, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, HDL <40 mg/dL men/<50 mg/dL women, BP ≥130/85 mmHg, fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL. Pathophysiology centers on insulin resistance and visceral adipose tissue dysfunction. Lifestyle (diet, weight loss, exercise) is first-line; Mediterranean and DASH patterns have the strongest evidence.

How each textbook covers it

  • Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism, 8th ed. (Gropper) — Glossary

    Syndrome defined by central adiposity plus combinations of impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia (high triglycerides, low HDL), and elevated blood pressure. Insulin resistance is a central mechanism.

  • Krause and Mahan's Food and the Nutrition Care Process, 16th ed. — Chapter 33

    Diagnosis requires three of five criteria: elevated waist circumference, triglycerides >=150 mg/dL, low HDL, blood pressure >=130/85, fasting glucose >=100 mg/dL. Affects roughly one-third of U.S. adults. Lifestyle intervention (Mediterranean or DASH dietary pattern, exercise, modest weight loss) is first-line; statins and antihypertensives address individual risk factors.

  • Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 12th ed. — Ch 61: Obesity Management

    ATP III/AHA diagnosis requires three or more of: waist circumference >102 cm men/88 cm women, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, HDL <40 mg/dL men/<50 mg/dL women, BP ≥130/85 mmHg, fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL. Pathophysiology centers on insulin resistance and visceral adipose tissue dysfunction. Lifestyle (diet, weight loss, exercise) is first-line; Mediterranean and DASH patterns have the strongest evidence.

Related terms

Android obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, DASH, Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Insulin resistance, NAFLD, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus