S.

Universal biological methyl donor formed from methionine and ATP that donates its methyl group in over 100 methyltransferase reactions, becoming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH).

safe internal temperature

Safflower Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Progressive, generalized skeletal muscle disorder characterized by low muscle strength, low muscle mass or quality, and low physical performance, increasing risk of falls, fractures, disability, and mortality.

Co-occurrence of low skeletal muscle mass/function with excess adiposity, conferring worse functional and metabolic outcomes than either condition alone.

Smooth ER found in muscle cells; site of the calcium pump.

saturated fat

Fatty acid with no double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain; major dietary sources are animal fat (palmitic, stearic), coconut and palm oils (lauric, myristic, palmitic), and dairy.

Vitamin C deficiency syndrome with manifestations including perifollicular hemorrhage, corkscrew hairs, gingival bleeding, poor wound healing, fatigue, and anemia, due to impaired collagen hydroxylation.

Inflammatory skin condition.

Any of ~25 human proteins containing selenocysteine (Sec, the 21st amino acid) encoded by UGA codons recoded via SECIS elements, including glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and iodothyronine deiodinases.

Semolina is a other — Purified ground inside of durum wheat used in pasta

Senna, Alexandria is a flavoring — Flavoring from dried leaves of Cassia senna

DNA strand that serves as a template for mRNA.

Separated Wheat Protein is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.

Sequestering Additive is a preservative — Preservative preventing physical or chemical changes affecting product

Serine is a amino acid — Nonessential amino acid used as dietary supplement

Serpentaria Extract is a flavoring — Flavoring permitted in alcoholic beverages only

Pale yellow blood fluid from which clotting factors have been removed.

serving size

Sesame is a flavoring — Seeds used to flavor breads, crackers, cakes, confectionery

Shaddock Extract is a flavoring — Extract of Citrus grandis, related to grapefruit

Shark-Liver Oil is a nutrient vitamin — Source of vitamin A from large predatory sharks

Shea Butter is a other — Natural fat from karite fruit used in food and soap

Shea Fat is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Shea Nut Oil is a other — Edible oil from shea butter production

Shellac is a other — Resinous insect excretion used as candy glaze

Malabsorption resulting from extensive surgical resection or congenital absence of small bowel, typically when <200 cm of functional small intestine remains, often requiring parenteral nutrition.

Fatty acids with two to six carbons (predominantly acetate, propionate, butyrate) produced by colonic bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and resistant starch.

Shrimp-Derived Chitosan is a other — GRAS-claimed ingredient for use in foods including meat and poultry

Inherited disorder affecting red blood cell production and function.

Cascade of intracellular reactions following extracellular molecule binding to a cell-surface receptor.

Silica is a anti caking — Coloring additive and anticaking agent occurring in sand

Silica Aerogel is a anti caking — Antifoaming additive in beverages and surfactant

Silicon Dioxide is a anti caking — Defoamer and anticaking additive in foods

Silver is a colorant — Decorative coating for cake decoration

Silver Fir Needles Oil is a flavoring — Essential oil used in cough and cold remedies, fragrance

Simaruba Bark is a flavoring — Flavoring for alcoholic beverages only from bitter bark

Simazine is a pesticide residue — Herbicide regulated in molasses for animal feed

Simplesse is a other — Fat substitute made from egg and milk protein

Electronically excited oxygen with an electron promoted above its normal orbital.

NAD+-dependent deacylase enzymes (SIRT1-SIRT7) that couple cellular NAD+ availability to deacetylation of histones, transcription factors, and metabolic enzymes, linking energy status to chromatin and metabolism.

Sitostanol is a other — Plant sterol that inhibits cholesterol absorption

Skim Milk is a other — Whole milk with fat reduced to less than 0.1 percent

Sloe Berries is a flavoring — Natural flavoring in berry, plum, liquor products

SMART goals

Smoke Flavoring Solutions is a flavoring — Condensates from burning hardwood used to flavor and preserve

Snakeroot Oil is a flavoring — Flavoring from Asarum canadense roots

SNAP

Traditional medical charting format: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan.

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that shape their health outcomes.

sodium

Sodium Acetate is a preservative — Preservative, flavoring, and pH control

Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate is a acidulant — Slow-acting acid leavening and color accelerator

Sodium Alginate is a thickener gum — Stabilizer, thickener, and emulsifier from seaweed

Sodium Aluminosilicate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive in dried eggs, cheese, dental compounds

Sodium Aluminum Phosphate is a acidulant — Buffer in self-rising flour and cheeses

Sodium Aluminum Sulfate is a bleaching agent — Flour-bleaching additive in cereal flours

Sodium Arsanilate is a veterinary drug — Used in animal feed; contains arsenic

Sodium Ascorbate is a antioxidant — Antioxidant in chopped meat and curing

Sodium Benzoate is a preservative — Preservative active against yeast and bacteria

Sodium Bicarbonate is a acidulant — Alkali leavening additive in baked goods

Sodium Bisulfite is a preservative — Bleaching, antibrowning, and preservative additive

Sodium Borate is a preservative — Preservative and emulsifier; weak antiseptic

Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate Hydrated is a anti caking — Prevents salt and dry mixes from caking

Sodium Carbonate is a acidulant — Neutralizer for butter, cream, milk, ice cream

Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose is a thickener gum — Stabilizer, thickener, gelling additive

Sodium Caseinate is a emulsifier — Texturizer in ice cream and dairy products

Sodium Chloride is a flavor enhancer — Seasoning, preservative, and packing additive

Sodium Chlorite is a bleaching agent — Powerful oxidizer for modifying food starch

Sodium Citrate is a acidulant — Emulsifier and buffer to control acidity

Sodium Dehydroacetate is a preservative — Preservative used in cut or peeled squash

Sodium Diacetate is a preservative — Preservative inhibiting mold and rope-forming bacteria

Sodium Erythorbate is a antioxidant — Antioxidant in pickling brine and meat products

Sodium Ferrocyanide is a anti caking — Anticaking additive for table salt; processing aid in wine

Sodium Fluoride is a other — Used in toothpastes and water fluoridation

Sodium Gluconate is a acidulant — Sequestering additive

Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a emulsifier — Emulsifier, sequestrant, and texturizer

Sodium Hydroxide is a acidulant — Alkali and modifier for food starch, glazing additive for pretzels

Sodium Hypochlorite is a preservative — Preservative used in washing cottage cheese curd

Sodium Iron Edta is a nutrient mineral — Iron source for supervised food fortification programs

Sodium Lactate is a humectant — Plasticizer substitute for glycerin and antioxidant

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate is a surfactant — Detergent, wetting additive, whipping aid

Sodium Metabisulfite is a preservative — Bacterial inhibitor and antibrowning additive

Sodium Metabisulphite is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Sodium Metaphosphate is a emulsifier — Dough conditioner and sequestrant

Sodium Metasilicate is a other — Alkali peeling solution for peaches; denuder for tripe

Sodium Nitrate is a preservative — Curing agent for meats

Sodium Nitrite is a preservative — Curing agent for raw beef color retention

Sodium Pantothenate is a nutrient vitamin — B vitamin used as dietary supplement

Sodium Pectinate is a stabilizer — Stabilizer and thickener for syrups, ice cream, jams

Sodium Phosphate (Mono-, Di-, And Tribasic) is a acidulant — Buffer and effervescent

Sodium Potassium Tartrate is a acidulant — Buffer for confections, jellies, jams

Sodium Propionate is a preservative — Preservative against mold and fungus

Sodium Pyrophosphate is a emulsifier — Decreases cooked-out juices in cured meats

Sodium Saccharin is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener 300 times sweeter than sugar

Sodium Sesquicarbonate is a acidulant — Neutralizer for cream, milk, ice cream, olives, cocoa products

Sodium Silicate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive for preserving eggs and detergents

Sodium Silicoaluminate is a anti caking — Anticaking additive in salt, dried egg yolks, sugar, baking powder

Sodium Sorbate is a preservative — Food preservative in cheeses and fruit products

Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate is a emulsifier — Dough strengthener, emulsifier, processing aid

Sodium Sulfate is a other — Used in chewing-gum base and to preserve tuna and biscuits

Sodium Sulfite is a preservative — Antiseptic, preservative, antioxidant, browning inhibitor

Sodium Tartrate is a acidulant — Laxative, sequestrant, chemical reactant

Sodium Thiosulfate is a antioxidant — Antioxidant for sliced potatoes; stabilizer for iodized salt

Sodium Tripolyphosphate is a emulsifier — Texturizer, sequestrant, food-starch modifier

sodium-to-potassium ratio

Soluble Collagen is a other — Protein from connective tissue of young animals

soluble fiber

Sorbic Acid is a preservative — Mold and yeast inhibitor

Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters is a emulsifier — Emulsifier and stabilizer

Sorbitan Monostearate is a emulsifier — Emulsifier, defoamer, flavor-dispersing additive

Sorbitol is a natural sweetener — Sugar alcohol thickener, sequestrant, sweetener, humectant

Soy Lecithin is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Soy Lecithin Phosphatidylserine is a emulsifier — Food ingredient (except meat/poultry) with GRAS notification

Soy Protein Isolate is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Soy Sauce is a flavoring — Fermented hydrolysis product of soybeans

Soybean Oil is a other — Edible oil used in defoamers, margarine, shortenings, candy

Spearmint is a flavoring — Essential volatile oil from Mentha spicata

Federal program providing supplemental foods, nutrition education, and health referrals to low-income, nutritionally at-risk pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children up to age 5.

Lipid mediators derived from EPA and DHA (resolvins, protectins, maresins) that actively promote resolution of inflammation rather than passive cessation, characterized by Charles Serhan.

Lipids containing the amino alcohol sphingosine as a backbone.

Sphingolipid with phosphocholine at the terminal hydroxyl.

Spirulina is a colorant — Dried biomass of Athrospira platensis used in foods

Pertaining to the internal organs (viscera) in the abdominal cavity.

sports nutrition

Behavior change model with five stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

Tendency of a molecule to donate or receive electrons.

Stannous Chloride is a antioxidant — Antioxidant and reducing additive

Star Anise is a flavoring — Flavoring from Illicium verum

starch

Starch, Bleached is a thickener gum — Bleached thickener starch

Stearic Acid is a emulsifier — Saturated fatty acid used in butter and vanilla flavorings

Stearyl Citrate is a antioxidant — Metal chelator and antioxidant to prevent rancidity

Stearyl Tartrate is a dough conditioner — Dough-strengthening additive

Presence of an excessive amount of fat in the feces.

Storage cells of the liver.

Compounds with the same structure but different configurations.

Lipids containing a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring, a hydroxyl group, and a side chain.

Stevia_Truvia is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Stevioside is a natural sweetener — Plant-derived sweetener equal in sweetness to sugar

Storax is a flavoring — Resin from Asiatic tree bark used in flavorings

Strontium Hydroxide is a other — Used in refining beet sugar and separating sugar from molasses

structure-function claim

Structured Triglycerides is a other — Used in infant formula for term and preterm infants

Strychnine is a pesticide residue — Pesticide for killing small vertebrates

Styrene is a other — Chewing substance in chewing gum from ethylbenzene

Bedside clinical tool combining history and physical exam to classify nutritional status as well-nourished, moderately malnourished, or severely malnourished.

Transfer of a phosphate group from one organic molecule to another to form ATP.

Succinic Acid is a acidulant — Buffer and neutralizing additive in food processing

Succinylated Monoglycerides is a emulsifier — Dough conditioner adding loaf volume and firmness

Sucralose is a artificial sweetener — Artificial sweetener six hundred times sweeter than sugar

Sucrose is a natural sweetener — Sweetening additive, preservative, antioxidant

Sucrose Acetate Isobutyrate is a emulsifier — Mixture of esters of sucrose with acetic and isobutyric acids

Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters is a emulsifier — Emulsifier, stabilizer, and texturizer

Sudan Red is a colorant — Red dyes for solvents, oils, waxes, polishes

Sugar Alcohols is a natural sweetener — Reduced-calorie sweeteners including sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol

Sugar Beet is a natural sweetener — Sugar source from Beta vulgaris

Sugar Beet Fiber is a thickener gum — Anticaking, binding, bulking, dietary supplement, thickener

sugar substitute

Sugar_Fat_Salt_Combination is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

sugars (simple carbohydrates)

Sulfites is a preservative — Preservatives, antioxidants, antibrowning additives

Sulfur Dioxide is a preservative — Bleaching, antioxidant, preservative, antibrowning

Sulfuric Acid is a acidulant — Acid for modifying starch and brewing pH control

Sunflower Oil is a other additive listed in the FDA food-additive database.

Sunflower Seed Oil is a other — Bland edible oil containing vitamin E

Oxygen-centered free radical.

Federal entitlement that provides electronic benefits used to purchase eligible foods, supporting nearly 40 million low-income Americans monthly.

Surfactants is a surfactant — Wetting additives that lower water's surface tension

sustainability (in food)

Seventeen UN goals adopted in 2015 to be achieved by 2030, including ending hunger, ensuring food security, and improving nutrition.

A mixture of live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host (ISAPP definition).

Generalized inflammatory state defined by abnormalities in temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and white blood cell count.